The Italian government is failing to take effective action to prevent  and prosecute racist and xenophobic violence, Human Rights Watch said in  a report released today. Immigrants, Italians of foreign descent, and  Roma have been the victims of brutal attacks in Italy in recent years.  The 71-page report, "
Everyday Intolerance: Racist and Xenophobic Violence in Italy,"  documents the state's failure to take effective measures against hate  crimes. Prosecutions for racially-motivated violence are rare, with  Italian officials downplaying the extent of the problem and failing  consistently to condemn attacks. Insufficient training of law  enforcement and judiciary personnel and incomplete data collection  compound the problem. At the same time, political rhetoric, government  policies, and media coverage linking immigrants and Roma to crime have  fueled an environment of intolerance. 
"The government spends far  more energy blaming migrants and Roma for Italy's problems than it does  on efforts to stop violent attacks on them," said Judith Sunderland,  senior Western Europe researcher at Human Rights Watch. "The  government's alarmist talk of an invasion of ‘biblical proportions' from  North Africa is just the latest example of irresponsible rhetoric.  Officials should be protecting migrants and Roma from attack." Cities  across Italy have seen mob violence and individual attacks targeting  migrants, Roma, and Italians of foreign descent. Mobs rampaged through  Roma camps in Naples in May 2008 and assaulted African seasonal migrant  workers in Rosarno, Calabria, in January 2010. A group of at least 15  people attacked a Bengali bar in Rome in March 2010. 
Authorities  recorded 142 hate crimes in the first nine months of 2009, but one  Italian anti-racism organization registered 398 media reports of such  crimes in roughly the same period, with 186 physical assaults (18 of  which led to death). Individual attacks include the September 2008  murder of Abdoul Guiebre, an Italian of Burkina Faso origin bludgeoned  to death on the street in Milan after a petty theft from a café; the  brutal beating of a Chinese man in October 2008 as he waited for a bus  in Rome; and the February 2009 attack on an Indian man in a town outside  Rome, in which he was beaten, doused with gasoline, and set on fire. 
Human Rights Watch also documented troubling cases of law enforcement 
abuse against Roma,  during camp evictions and in the custody of police or Carabinieri (a  Defense Ministry force that shares responsibility for civilian policing  in Italy). Italian law provides for increased prison sentences for  crimes aggravated by racial motivation, but the statute has yet to live  up to its promise, Human Rights Watch said. The 1993 statute has often  been interpreted by prosecutors and the courts only to apply to cases  where racial hatred was the sole motivation, leaving serious racist  crimes prosecuted as though they were ordinary offences. The state  prosecuted Abdoul Guiebre's murder as an ordinary crime, for example,  despite the racist insults uttered by the perpetrators during the  attack. Crimes motivated by hatred over sexual orientation and gender  identity are not covered at all. 
The extreme violence against African seasonal migrant workers  in Rosarno, Calabria, in January 2010, including drive-by shootings and  three days of mob violence that left at least 11 migrants hospitalized  with serious injuries, did not lead to prosecutions and convictions for  racially-motivated crimes. Only three Italians were prosecuted and  convicted in connection with the violence. Local residents and law  enforcement officers also suffered injuries, some of them caused by  migrants during riots against the mob attacks. Italian officials  minimized the racist dimension of the violence in Rosarno, in keeping  with a general tendency to call racially-motivated crimes rare. The  Italian government does not collect or publish disaggregated statistics  on crime reports or prosecutions. Authorities point to the low numbers  of official complaints and prosecutions for racially motivated violence  to argue that such violence is rare, ignoring underreporting and the  failure of the authorities to correctly identify it. 
"The  Italian government likes to pretend that racist violence hardly ever  happens," said Sunderland. "But if you are an Italian from an ethnic  minority, Roma, or a migrant, the truth is it's all too common.  Acknowledging the scale of the problem is a necessary condition for  tackling it." A consequence of the authorities' failure to recognize  these hate crimes as a significant problem is that law enforcement  personnel and prosecutors do not receive systematic, specialized  training in identifying, investigating, and prosecuting racist violence.  Roma, the most vilified minority in Italy today, are especially at risk  of harassment and mistreatment during camp evictions and in police or  Carabinieri custody, Human Rights Watch said. With serious allegations  of abuse by law enforcement personnel left uninvestigated, and virtual  impunity for mob violence against Roma camps, many Roma have little or  no faith in public institutions. "Many people, especially undocumented  migrants and Roma, are just too scared to go the police," Sunderland  said. "The government has to do much more to encourage reporting and  build trust among these particularly vulnerable communities." 
Political  discourse and media coverage linking immigrants and Roma to crime has  fueled a dangerous environment of intolerance in a country that has seen  a dramatic increase in immigration over the past 10 years. Since 2008,  the government of Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, in coalition with  the openly anti-immigrant Northern League party, has adopted "emergency"  decrees to pave the way for strong-handed measures against undocumented  migrants and Roma, and passed a law making undocumented entry and stay  in Italy a crime punishable by a hefty fine. Elected officials across  the political spectrum have engaged in anti-immigrant and anti-Roma  rhetoric. 
This Human Rights Watch report contains concrete  recommendations to the Italian government to strengthen its response to  racist violence, including: 
* Consistently and forcefully condemning, at the highest level, racist and xenophobic violence. 
*  Reforming criminal law to ensure that hate motivation can be applied  even when perpetrators have mixed motives, and expanding the list of  protected characteristics to include, at a minimum, sexual orientation  and gender identity. 
* Ensuring obligatory training for law  enforcement personnel and public prosecutors on detecting,  investigating, and prosecuting crimes motivated wholly or in part by  racial, ethnic, or xenophobic bias. 
* Collecting and routinely publishing comprehensive statistics on hate crimes.
Human Rights Watch